man, climate and architecture pdf
This method may work very well with thermostats, when power on the grid sags a small amount, a low power temperature setting is automatically selected reducing the load on the grid. When an engineer designs a machine, a bridge, or a regulator, each line in his drawings is the result of a great accumulation of laws and principles from a dozen … Climate experts stated that deforestation in most developing countries like Africa has worsened the effects of climatic change. Time of use metering is a common way to motivate electricity users to reduce their peak load consumption. This is voluntary until 2027. Burning plant-derived biomass releases CO2, but it has still been classified as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks because photosynthesis cycles the CO2 back into new crops. The Role of Healthy Oceans in Binding Carbon. [205] Best management practices for European soils were described to be increase soil organic carbon: conversion of arable land to grassland, straw incorporation, reduced tillage, straw incorporation combined with reduced tillage, ley cropping system and cover crops. Man, Climate and Architecture. [228][229] [316], In 2020 a group of Swiss senior women sued their government for too weak action on stopping climate change. Each country must determine, plan, and regularly report on the contribution that it undertakes to mitigate global warming. A clear case, until further notice", "Design and evaluation of hydrogen electricity reconversion pathways in national energy systems using spatially and temporally resolved energy system optimization", Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_mitigation&oldid=1011473479, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2010, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Using electric trains over the far less efficient air transport and truck transport significantly reduces emissions. GAO (2011). Despite their small footprint, they can store a comparable amount of carbon per year and are highly efficient carbon sinks. Most lakes, rivers, and streams are drying up, less rain is experienced due to decreased forest cover. Rich people tend to emit more GHG than poor people. DIRECT DOWNLOAD! Martin, C. et al. His career also includes teaching assignments at nearly a dozen universities, as well as hundreds of papers and contributions to scholarly works, lectures, and symposia. Technical status, future directions, and potential responses. The first humans built shelters and lived in caves to protect themselves from the … [259] Difficulties with emission taxes include their potential unpopularity, and the fact that they cannot guarantee a particular level of emissions reduction. [14], N2O has a high GWP and significant Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP). In 2019, Extinction Rebellion organized massive protests demanding to "reduce carbon emissions to zero by 2025, and create a citizens' assembly to oversee progress", including blocking roads. "[181], Carbon dioxide removal has been proposed as a method of reducing the amount of radiative forcing. by GIVONI, B. and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Also, revenue of the emissions taxes are not always used to offset the emissions directly. Download free books in PDF format. [255] [108][109][110], Scientists also argue that piecemeal behavioural changes like re-using plastic bags are not a proportionate response to climate change. [50] But even in combination, generation of variable renewable energy fluctuates a lot. It's Official: The United Kingdom is to subsidize nuclear power, but at what cost? Gössling S, Ceron JP, Dubois G, Hall CM, Gössling IS, Upham P, Edward Lorenz (1982): "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get", Stott, et al. B. Givoni (1994) Passive and Low Energy Cooling of building,Van Nortrand Reinhold New York, USA.. 6. The GEF funds projects that are agreed to achieve global environmental benefits that are endorsed by governments and screened by one of the GEF's implementing agencies. Large scale hot water tanks can be used for demand-side management and store variable renewable energy over hours or days. [225] However some consider cost–benefit analysis unsuitable for analysing climate change mitigation as a whole, but still useful for analysing the difference between a 1.5 °C target and 2 °C. Non-ruminant livestock (e.g. The buildings sector accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO2 emissions[97] About half of the energy is used for space and water heating. [4] The main challenge is to eliminate the use of coal, oil and gas and substitute them with clean energy sources. [20][21][22][23][needs update], As of the year 2021 many scientists think that if emissions will be reduced to zero, the warming will stop in 10 - 20 years. The relationships between many climatic processes can cause large levels of uncertainty as they are not fully understood and can be a barrier to implementation. The sources of emissions have also been shown to be highly unevenly distributed, with 45% of emissions coming from the lifestyles of just 10% of the global population. The Short time horizon of policies and politicians often means that climate change policies are not implemented in favour of socially favoured societal issues. also argue that holding down emissions would shift the human cost of global warming from a general one to one that was borne most heavily by the poorest populations on the planet. The economic development of a country will cause the construction of many industrial, business and residential facilities, and also the economic development of one country will lead to a desire for a larger and … A procurement toolkit[104] to assist individuals and businesses buy energy efficient products that use low GWP refrigerants was developed by the Sustainable Purchasing Leadership Council[105] and is available for use. Increase in climate finance not connected to ODA. Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit global warming and its related effects. Manure management and rice cultivation also produce gaseous emissions. Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit global warming and its related effects. Shanthi added it Jul 22, Man, climate and architecture by Baruch Givoni. Tidal power can be used in coastal regions. By 2050 the restored land should sequestrate 20 billion of carbon annually[208], Transportation emissions account for roughly 15% of emissions worldwide. •Ground surface: (Whether natural or man‐made): affect in terms of reflectance, permeability and the soil temperature as these affect the vegetation and this in tur n affects the climate. Produce 20% of energy from renewable sources. Amazon.in - Buy Man, Climate and Architecture (Architectural Science S.) book online at best prices in india on Amazon.in. [35] For N2O, a reduction of more than 50% would be required for a stabilization. [25], Methane has a high immediate impact with a 5-year-GWP up to 100 and a 100-year-GWP of 21. [127][128][129] The European Union, through the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 targets to protect 30% of the sea territory and 30% of the land territory by 2030. [43] Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is very important but must be done carefully to avoid making poor people poorer.[44]. [citation needed] It has been repeatedly classified as a climate change mitigation technology. These programs offer environmental, economic, and quality-of-life benefits; and they also serve to reduce energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. and Lovelock, C.E. Addressing the high methane emissions by cattle, a 2016 study analyzed surcharges of 40% on beef and 20% on milk and suggests that an optimum plan would reduce emissions by 1 billion tonnes per year. E. Y (2004) Climate adaptation planning in practice: an evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations, European Management Journal, 22(3) 304–314, UNFCCC (2011) Report on the twentieth meeting of the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, Subsidiary Body for Implementation, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC (2011) Annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Jessica Brown, Neil Bird and Liane Schalatek (2010). For methane, a reduction of about 30% below current emission levels would lead to a stabilization in its atmospheric concentration. Black carbon emissions may be mitigated by upgrading coke ovens, installing particulate filters on diesel-based engines and minimizing open burning of biomass. [38] In the absence of policies to mitigate climate change, GHG emissions could rise significantly over the 21st century. [130] has the same target. Apart from nuclear accidents, the disposal of radioactive waste can cause damage and costs over more than one million years. Missing motives and willingness to start adapting is a large barrier as it prevents any implementation. New buildings can be constructed using passive solar building design, low-energy building, or zero-energy building techniques, using renewable heat sources. Lena R. Boysen, Wolfgang Lucht, Dieter Gerten, Vera Heck, Timothy M. Lenton, Hans Joachim Schellnhuber. Architecture, the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.The practice of architecture is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. [305], For a legal action for negligence (or similar) to succeed, "Plaintiffs ... must show that, more probably than not, their individual injuries were caused by the risk factor in question, as opposed to any other cause. [207][needs update], A project to mitigate climate change with agriculture was launched in 2019 by the "Global EverGreening Alliance". The researchers found that public discourse on reducing one's carbon footprint overwhelmingly focuses on low-impact behaviors, and that mention of the high-impact behaviors is almost non-existent in the mainstream media, government publications, school textbooks, etc. [296][297], More than 1000 organizations with a worth of 8 trillion dollars have made commitments to fossil fuel divestment. Energy efficiency means using the least amount of energy to perform a task or the ability of a piece of equipment to use the least amount of energy to perform a task. [136][137] Afforestation is where there was previously no forest. Transporting fuels over long distances and excessive use of nitrogen fertilisers can reduce the emissions savings made by the same fuel compared to natural gas by between 15 and 50 per cent. The World Bank's Prototype Carbon Fund[291] is a public private partnership that operates within the CDM. [234] Early deaths due to fossil fuel air pollution with a temperature rise to 2 °C cost more globally than mitigation would: and in India cost 4 to 5 times more. [322], Actions to limit the magnitude of climate change and its impact on human activities, Stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CO. We cannot be radical enough in dealing with those issues that face us at the moment. [10] Pathways that aim for limiting warming to 1.5°C by 2100 after a temporary temperature overshoot rely on large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures, which are uncertain and entail clear risks. Evolutions des sociétés ces dernières années Ci-dessous, l'évolution par an (depuis 2012) des créations et suppressions d'entreprises en France, par mois avec des courbes en moyenne mobile de 12 mois afin de voir l'évolution et les tendances, idem par semaine avec des moyennes mobiles sur 4 semaines. Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock (especially ruminants) include genetic selection[192][193] introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen,[194][195] diet modification and grazing management. [119], A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period, such as a growing forest. Offshore wind power currently has a share of about 10% of new installations. [269] Concerns about metal requirement and/or availability for essential decarbonization technologies such as photovoltaics, nuclear power, and (plug-in hybrid) electric vehicles have also been expressed as obstacles. $847.00: $1,002.00 : Hardcover … [252], In December 2020 another climate action summit was held and important commitments were made. In areas with average winter temperatures well below freezing, ground source heat pumps are more efficient than air-source heat pumps. [312], In 2015, Exxon received a subpoena. of mitigation often argue that, the developing countries' drive to attain a comparable living standard to the developed countries would doom the attempt at mitigation of global warming. Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal. In most 1.5 °C pathways nuclear power increases its share. require energy storage and improved electrical grids. HVDC is currently only used for point-to-point connections. Due to massive price drops, wind power and solar photovoltaics (PV) are increasingly out-competing oil, gas and coal[5] though these Green buildings (green architecture) are a trend these days for their positive effect on the environment because they take landscaping into account. [155][156][157] Additionally, when part of the leaf matter is consumed by an animal in the herd, a corresponding amount of root matter is sloughed off too as it would not be able to sustain the previous amount of root matter and while most of the lost root matter would rot and enter the atmosphere, part of the carbon is sequestered into the soil. However, none of these initiatives suggest a quantitative cap on the emissions from developing countries. The architecture features a triple-lobed footprint, an abstraction of the Hymenocallis flower. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. > This form of permit trading is a common method countries utilize in order to meet their obligations specified by the Kyoto Protocol; namely the reduction of carbon emissions in an attempt to reduce (mitigate) future climate change. [135] According to research conducted at ETH Zurich, restoring all degraded forests all over the world could capture about 205 billion tons of carbon in total (which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions, bringing global warming down to below 2 °C[citation needed]). To conserve energy or reduce electricity costs, individual consumers or businesses may deliberately purchase energy efficient products that use refrigerants with low global warming potential (GWP) or products that are ENERGY STAR certified. Surely human comfort achievement is an important parameter of this knowledge for building acceptability; and thermal comfort is the main factor for human comfort achievement. Litigation has been attempted by entire countries and peoples, such as Palau[301] and the Inuit,[302] as well as non-governmental organizations such as the Sierra Club. A fossil-fuel power station may only deliver 3 units of electrical energy for every 10 units of fuel energy released. Many developing nations have made National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs) which are frameworks to prioritize adaption needs. These funds are often channelled through the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). A Rapid Response Assessment. Other studies[142][143] have found large-scale afforestation can do more harm than good or such plantations are estimated to have to be prohibitively massive to reduce emissions. [40], David Attenborough, in testimony to the UK House of Commons Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee. This book based on the relationship between man, climate and architecture, presents some useful methods for thermal comfort achievement in architecture … Theses, Monuments of mobility: A comparative study in adaptive reuse of Washington, D.C.'s Union Station and Kansas City's Union Station, Michael Preston Carson, Technology experience: Postsecondary education exploration by non-native English-speaking immigrant parent, Emmanuel K. Saka, Interdisciplinary research into architecture and music: An evaluation of acoustic performance of a selection of spaces and of materials, Boram Kim, Design and development of cellulose based composites for the built environment, Melvin Glenn Veigas, A sustainable campus for the higher education institutions in the U.S., Md Imtiajul Alam, Adapting vernacular strategies for the design of an energy efficient residential building in a hot and arid climate: City of Yazd, Iran, Farzad Hashemi, Exploring the complex development of a mobile research lab for the design of built environments, Evan Michael Jeanblanc, Architecture of care in the urban public space: A philosophical inquiry in ‘Ethics of care’ to inform the nature of the urban public space, Rucha Vivek Newalkar, Rural revitalization throughout the midwest: Preserving our past to create a sustainable future, Mackenzie Rebekka Waddell, Boundaries and political agency of Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, Zeinab Amiri, Place-bo-burbi-agri-culture to Place-ive-ianure Methods for place making: Increasing value with representation, Clark Andrew Colby, The pursuit of happiness: the shifting narrative of suburbia and the American Dream, Kristen Ann Greteman, Financial Incentives and the Adaptive Reuse of Historic Interiors: Three Case Studies from Iowa, Chunyao Liu, Architecture and place: a critical look at how they interact and influence each other through definition, creation, and representation, Elizabeth Kief, Expanding the role of design: developing holistic food systems, Jasmine Singh, IGATY: an archetype-based interactive generative abstraction system focusing on museum interior archetypes, Joori Suh, Expanding architectural practice to advance social justice: Social architecture creates equitable shelter, Hannah Rosenthal, Zoning and designing for affordability using modular housing, Joseph Terry Cartwright, Traditional building materials and the sustainability of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribal College design, Riley Christopher-gallagher, Sustainability Strategy for Wudalianchi, China, Jingfen Guo, Developing strategies for sustainable residential building design: Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal, Gaurav Kumar Tuladhar, The reduction of waste and promotion of user autonomy in architecture through the design and application of adaptable systems, Brian Burnell Walker, An examination of information needed when purchasing a home in a historic district, Betsey Nicole French, Developing parameters of design for an urban context and demonstrating them as a future design model, Jigar Abhay Gandhi, Chawls: Analysis of a middle class housing type in Mumbai, India, Priyanka N. Karandikar, Spatial transformations in Mercedes (Uruguay): representation of industrial agriculture growth and informal settlements., Maria Silvina Lopez Barrera, Dealing with rapid development: Creation of the informal urban economy and gecekondu housing in Istanbul, Gizem Akdogan, Propelling design evolution: using a scientifically driven design process to incrementally advance architecture, Robert Thaddeus Gassman, Green buildings: defining sustainable construction materials in Thailand, Pimsiri Thovichit, Looking for Usonia: preserving Frank Lloyd Wright's post-1935 residential designs as generators of cultural landscapes, William Randall Brown, Prefab and parasitic architecture : architectural solution of the future city crisis (with case-study design projects), Bosuk Hur, Foundation of design based on material research and craftsmanship, Velimir Manjulov, Form, space and spiritual enrichment: a Chinese Community Center in Des Moines, Zhongkai Chen, In the mood for love, Suzhou He Film Studio, Bar: Shanghai Tongzhi community, Junfeng Ding, Bad haBITs : on the propagation of coverture for Renaissance Venetian noblewomen, Carissa Ann Gavin, Spatial separation in scientific laboratory design: A design for a chemistry and biology laboratory building on the campus of Georgetown University in Washington, DC, Darlene Alberta Gluck, Place setting: architect as cultural inclusionist, Peter P. Goché, Contextual materiality: the Jewell Golf and Country Club project, JaDee Jean Goehring, A temporary ferry terminal with green consciousness: a sustainable design, Liang Hu, The Gress Project: a threshold thesis, Adam Bradley Jonas, Feasibility study of collaborative design-build curriculum, Ryan Christopher Kranz, The relationship between architecture and the environment while applying Jacque Derrida's idea of binary opposition, Macy Man-Sai Leung, An analysis of sustainable design integration: design/build of the Jewell Golf Clubhouse/Community Center, Brent Mark Sevcik, The evolution of design-build at Iowa State University, Meredith White, Toward complexity: participatory design out of disorder, Rachel Beth Williams, A design for computer museum on campus, Qingqing Zhang, An intervention in Story City, Iowa, Brian Watson Buttery, Visual continuity and historic integrity: a case study of the historic courthouse square in Adel, IA, Jeffrey R. Dolan, Head House and Sac House adaptive reuse: St. Paul Farmer's Market and Restaurant, Brooke Suzanne Jacobson, Architecture of tolerance/intolerance, Simon Micubu Kalweo, Proposal for an addition to the Design Center in support of a new design foundation program for the Iowa State University College of Design, James Eric Leach, Integration through application, Zane Nicholas Muntz, Realizing the vision statement: Envisioned projects for downtown revitalization in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, Daniel Robert Nutini, Temporal sections: Explorations toward a movement-centered design method, Aaron Glenn Persen, Transitional housing for refugees in Des Moines, IA: refugee, identity, space, Ricardo A. Romero Quintero, Infrastructure & building adaptability, Premnath Sundharam, A design of the Des Moines Higher Education Collaborative, Eric Evan Vermeer, A space for taking the water: designing a contemporary public bathhouse, Yu-Lin Wang, Editing architecture: architect as mediumistic being, Cameron Tyler Campbell, Time, space and being: towards the production of an architecture of representation (with a case-study design project in Chinatown San Francisco), Linli Chen, Building community: College Creek cohousing, John Benjamin Den Boer, Design, learning, and Frank Lloyd Wright: an exhibit design for the Lowell Walter House (Cedar Rock), Glenda Carson Edwards, Gimme shelter: the I built house, John Robert Guerber, Japanese cultural center, Pritesh Navin Jasapara, Architecture of civil life and its marketed mutants, Viktor Kolesnichenko, Bridge-hanging houses above water: time-share vacation house (condominium), Kiyoul Lee, The culture of architectural design studio: a qualitative pilot study on the interaction of the instructor and the student in their culture and the identification of the instructor's teaching styles, Patience Lamunu Opiyo Lueth, Rehabilitation of Galena's 1858 historic post office and customhouse: relocation of the Galena-Jo Daviess Historical Society and Museum, Matthew Thomas Lundh, The l-gro house: the use of bamboo in a prototypical single-family house, Nathan Ryan Metz, Mobile healthcare architecture in Africa: an analysis and design guide, Swetha Agithakalia Sadananda, Daylighting a suburban house, Anders Sandli, Jørn Utzon: the education of an architect, Blair Mershon Schirmer, High density housing for foreign single graduate students in Ames: a sustainable approach, Rolando Oscar Selles, The development of a light-weight brick material, Nora G. Day, A passage from past to future: a Chinese ancient science museum, Zhe Hu, Contemporary church architecture: a look at Bridgeway Church, Jonathan Ryan Oosterhuis, Indian temples in the US: the sacred becomes the secular, Lakshmi Sundaram, Discovering the architectural value of volunteer-operated museums in northwest Iowa, Jennifer Marie Walters, Vessel of folly: derangement-imagination-design, Michael Burdette Young, The densification of suburban America: Privacy and territoriality as the basis for design, Patrick Ross Alvord, The 1893 Faire of Masks - A play on ephemeral architecture., Katarina Anna M. Bonnevier, Parruchiere, wigs, and other architectural heresies, Mary Rebecca Ferrara, Generating an energy quota for dwelling design, Tony James Hogge, Filmic exploration in an urban cinema complex design, Yichuan Li, Youth, land, and skyspeculating student housing on the Dakota prairie, Sarah Kay Mannes, Smart growth solution in Ames, Cheung Chan, The creation of community in the third place, Owen Leroy Daniel, Holes in architecture, Christopher C. Evans, A water self-sufficient elementary school for Puerto Rico, Roberto S. Hernandez, Assisted living for now, the baby boomers and future generations, Jennifer Rae White, Affordable housing for artists: a sustainable prototype, Maureen Ann Ness, Architecture and hypertext: networks of proliferation, accretion and mutation, Katleen Wouters, Montage and theory of psychoanalysis, Tong Li, This repository is part of the Iowa Research Commons, Home | [210], In the shipping industry, the use of Liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a marine bunker fuel is driven by emissions regulations. [235], One of the aspects of mitigation is how to share the costs and benefits of mitigation policies. It has been suggested that by using this concept it could actually solve two problems; pollution and poverty, old age pensioners will actually be better off because they fly less often, so they can cash in their quota at the end of the year to pay heating bills and so forth. If you can't stand the heat", "Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses – 2019", "This is what the world promised at the UN climate action summit", "Global Climate Action Presents a Blueprint for a 1.5-Degree World", "Global Data Community Commits to Track Climate Action", "UNFCCC eHandbook: Summary of the Paris Agreement", Chapter 19: Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities, "Report on the structured expert dialogue on the 2013–2015 review", "Enhancing Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Finland. [230][231], By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change. The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal. The issue of the impacts of climate change on World Heritage natural and cultural properties was brought to the attention of the World Heritage Committee in 2005 by a … Human beings here have regarded fauna and flora as part of their family. (2004), "Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003", Nature, Vol. [321] Smarter growth land use policies have both a direct and indirect effect on energy consuming behavior. The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. 2. [151] Research by the university ETH Zurich estimates that Russia, the United States and Canada have the most land suitable for reforestation. Wind, solar energy and other renewables were at 2%.[49]. In Japan, the line between nature and the built environment is a blurred one and the country's leading architects are using this concept to … Chapter 28 of the National Academy of Sciences report Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base (1992) defined geoengineering as "options that would involve large-scale engineering of our environment in order to combat or counteract the effects of changes in atmospheric chemistry. [200][201] Because only 5% of US farmland currently uses no-till and residue mulching, there is a large potential for carbon sequestration. Real clothes for the Emperor: Facing the challenges of climate change. Nellemann, Christian et al. Though being beneficial, these debates would drive public focus away from the requirement for an energy system change of unprecedented scale to decarbonise rapidly.[111]. [62] The main advantage is the ability to deliver large amounts of base load when renewable energy is not available. Approaches such as New Urbanism and transit-oriented development seek to reduce distances travelled, especially by private vehicles, encourage public transit and make walking and cycling more attractive options.